Evidence Synthesis: Research Question, Framework, Conducting and Reporting Methodology: List of Research Question Type with Framework Mnemonic

Systematic Review                                                                  PICO

            Patient, Problem, Population   Intervention   Comparison   Outcome

Comparative effectiveness                                                    PICO

            Patient, Problem, Population   Intervention   Comparison   Outcome

Diagnostic Test Accuracy                                                        PIRD

            Population      Index test   Reference test   Diagnosis of interest

Prognostic Review                                                                    PFO

            Population      Prognostic Factors (for models of interest), Outcome

Etiology/Risk/Benefit                                                              PEO

            Population, Exposure(s), Outcomes

Systematic Review of Epidemiology Studies                       CoCoPop

            Condition, Context, Population (see reference #5)

Umbrella Review                                                                       PICO

            Patient, Problem, Population   Intervention   Comparison   Outcome

Overview (of Reviews)                                                             PICO

            Patient, Problem, Population   Intervention   Comparison   Outcome

Scoping review                                                                           PCC

            Population      Concept    Context

Qualitative Review                                                                    SPICE

            Setting     Perspective    Interest      Phenomenon of comparison - Evaluation

Mixed Methods                                                                           PerSPE(c)TIF

            Perspective     Setting Phenomenon of interest/problem  Environment  (comparison) Time/timing  Findings

Realist Review       Best Evidence in Medical Education    https://www.bemecollaboration.org/Stage+1/       PAO

            Population/participants      Activity under investigation      Outcomes

Critical Review                                   no framework, author critically reviews articles                                   none

Adapted from: 

1) BEME Collaboration. (n.d.). Stage 1: Topic Registration. https://www.bemecollaboration.org/Stage+1/

2) Booth, A., Sutton, A., Clowes, M., & Martyn-St James, M. (2022). Synthesising and analysing qualitative studies. In Systematic approaches to a successful literature review (3rd ed., p. 236). Sage.

3) Munn Z, Stern C, Aromataris E, Lockwood C, Jordan Z. What kind of systematic review should I conduct? A proposed typology and guidance for systematic reviewers in the medical and health sciences. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018 Jan 10;18(1):5. doi: 10.1186/s12874-017-0468-4. PMID: 29316881; PMCID: PMC5761190.

4) Peters MDJ, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Munn Z, Tricco AC, Khalil, H. Chapter 11: Scoping Reviews - Section 11.2.2 (2020 version). In: Aromataris E, Munn Z (Editors). JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis, JBI, 2020. Available from  https://synthesismanual.jbi.global.

5) Sutton, A., Clowes, M., Preston, L., & Booth, A. (2019). Meeting the review family: exploring review types and associated information retrieval requirements. Health Information and Libraries Journal, 36, 202-222. DOI: 10.1111/hir.12276